Sunday, May 03, 2009

Freedom @ Risk - Commemorating Freedom of Expression Day

Examples:
Reporters sans frontières et le Cartoonists Rights Network dénoncent la condamnation à un mois de prison du caricaturiste Chit Swe (Myamar – Birmania)
Chit Swe, caricaturiste de presse et militant de la Ligue nationale pour la démocratie (LND), a été condamné, le 3 août 2005, à un mois ferme d’emprisonnement et six mois avec sursis d’emprisonnement par une cour de Rangoon.

Ali Dilem (Algerie) - La cour d’appel d’Alger condamnait ( le 11 février) le caricaturiste Ali Dilem à une année de prison ferme et 50 000 dinars (550 euros) d’amende pour une dizaine de caricatures… du président Abdelaziz Bouteflika, parues en 2003 dans le quotidien Liberté. Ali Dilem, fameux caricaturiste cumulait alors, soulignait l’organisation Reporters sans frontières, « toutes peines confondues plus de neuf ans de prison », en notant que « la susceptibilité du président Abdelaziz Bouteflika n’a décidément pas de limites. Aujourd’hui, les tribunaux sont engorgés par les affaires de presse ».
Rappelons d’autre part que l’Algérie comme le Maroc ont vu fleurir ces dernières années la caricature comme un moyen de combat très efficace, dans un contexte où la liberté de presse, parfois en progrès, reste fragile. D’où une sensibilité particulière à la défense de la liberté de… grossir le trait.
Dans un dossier du 24 avril 2005 du quotidien Horizons (Algérie), était posée la question : Y a t’il des limites à brocarder ? Le caricaturiste Zino, alors interrogé, considérait que « pour moi, la liberté de créer est totale et entière, sinon je passe à côté de la raison d’être même de l’art de la caricature. J’irai même plus loin en disant, c’est moi qui imagine et conçoit mon sujet en toute liberté sans aucune influence du thème ou du sujet analysé. Mon inspiration a besoin de cette marge de liberté pour qu’elle puisse s’exprimer. » En revanche (cité par l’agence Syfia), Le Hic, caricaturiste du journal algérien Le Jeune Indépendant, signalait qu’en principe, « on peut rire de tout, mais pas avec tout le monde », mais précisait : « je pratique l’autocensure pour éviter d’être censuré. (Cela) fait partie des outils du caricaturiste. Il utilise le crayon, le papier et l’autocensure. » Même opinion chez Ayoub, dessinateur au journal arabophone El Khabar : « Je me suis fixé des lignes rouges que je ne dois pas franchir, même si je suis conscient que normalement la caricature n’a pas de limite. Je me suis adapté. »


Shapiro ( South Africa) -January 27, 2009 · A cartoon lampooning one of South Africa's top politicians has sparked a million-dollar lawsuit and renewed debate over freedom of expression in the country.
The cartoon is graphic. It shows the president of the ruling African National Congress, Jacob Zuma, unbuckling his belt and preparing to rape a distressed and blindfolded Lady Justice. She is being held down by several ANC alliance partners, one of whom is saying "Go for it, boss."
Jonathan Shapiro — pen name Zapiro — created the cartoon. He insists politicians are fair game, especially when they step out of line.
"We should respect the office; we do not have to respect the person who occupies that office," he says. "We should be able to attack them, to make fun of them."
Zapiro's cartoon, published in Johannesburg's Sunday Times in September, lampoons Zuma on two fronts. First, by depicting Zuma with a shower head on his head, the cartoon recalls his 2006 rape trial. Zuma was acquitted. But he testified that he protected himself from possible infection from the HIV-positive woman by taking a shower immediately after having sex.
The cartoon also references a pending corruption case against Zuma, which could hamper his ambition to become South Africa's next president. Zapiro says his cartoon shows Zuma metaphorically threatening to rape the justice system in his quest to become president.
An outraged Zuma last month sued The Sunday Times and Zapiro for nearly $1 million, claiming his reputation and dignity have been damaged. During an appearance on a radio program, Zuma said that Zapiro's work is "quite vulgar" and that the cartoonist is "invading" his dignity.
In reply, Zapiro called in to say that he does exactly what journalists, cartoonists and satirists do in democratic societies.
He challenged Zuma to show a commitment to freedom of expression, rather than just pay lip service to it.
"You've mentioned a responsible press," Zapiro said during the radio broadcast. "A responsible press is one that holds its politicians to account."
The award-winning cartoonist has lampooned many of South Africa's leaders, including Nelson Mandela, who never took issue.
Tawana Kupe, a media critic and professor at the University of the Witwatersrand, defended the cartoonist on another radio program.
"It's bad taste, but bad taste is part of an artist's creativity," he said.
Kupe argued that Zuma should drop his lawsuit. But editor Mathata Tsedu, chair of the African Editors Forum, disagreed.
"Bad taste and legal are not necessarily the same. The cartoon may be in good taste but may be legally wrong," Tsedu said. "The court must pronounce on whether [Zapiro] has crossed the line."
The debate is continuing on the airwaves and in the streets, in think tanks and press institutes, and, sooner or later, in court. And that will add still another chapter in the evolving drama of a young democracy grappling with issues of freedom of expression.

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